Give reasons for the following :

(i) Covalent bonds are directional bonds while ionic bonds are nondirectional.

(ii) Water molecule has bent structure whereas carbon dioxide molecule is linear.

(iii) Ethyne molecule is linear.

This is a Short Answer Type Questions as classified in NCERT Exemplar

Ans: (i) Due to the electrostatic forces between the two opposite charges, ionic bonds are non-directional. The bonding direction does not matter as the electrostatic field of an ion is non-directional. Whereas, the formation of covalent bonds happens with the overlap of the atomic orbitals. The direction of the bonds is given by the direction of overlapping.

 

(ii) The hybridization of the oxygen atom in water molecules is 3 sp due to the presence of two lone pairs of electrons on the oxygen atom. Tetrahedral geometry is acquired by these four 3 sp hybridized or

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This is a Short Answer Type Questions as classified in NCERT Exemplar

Ans: (i) Due to the electrostatic forces between the two opposite charges, ionic bonds are non-directional. The bonding direction does not matter as the electrostatic field of an ion is non-directional. Whereas, the formation of covalent bonds happens with the overlap of the atomic orbitals. The direction of the bonds is given by the direction of overlapping.

 

(ii) The hybridization of the oxygen atom in water molecules is 3 sp due to the presence of two lone pairs of electrons on the oxygen atom. Tetrahedral geometry is acquired by these four 3 sp hybridized orbitals with two bonds of hydrogen atoms and two lone pairs of electrons. Due to the presence of lone pairs of electron the bond angle gets reduced as there is a repulsion between the LP-LP and thus the molecule acquires a bent shape. The hybridization of carbon atoms in the carbon dioxide molecule is sp. The two sp are arranged in such a way that it makes an angle of 180° . That is why carbon dioxide has a linear shape.

 

 

(iii) Both the carbon atoms in ethyne molecules are sp hybridized. Ethyne has two unhybridized 2p_x 2p_y orbitals. The two sp hybrid orbitals of both the carbon atoms are arranged such that they form an angle of 180° with each other. That is why ethyne molecules are linear in shape.

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<p>This is a Short Answer Type Questions as classified in NCERT Exemplar</p><p><strong>Ans:</strong> <strong> (i) </strong>Due to the electrostatic forces between the two opposite charges, ionic bonds are non-directional. The bonding direction does not matter as the electrostatic field of an ion is non-directional. Whereas, the formation of covalent bonds happens with the overlap of the atomic orbitals. The direction of the bonds is given by the direction of overlapping.</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p><strong> (ii) </strong>The hybridization of the oxygen atom in water molecules is 3 sp due to the presence of two lone pairs of electrons on the oxygen atom. Tetrahedral geometry is acquired by these four 3 sp hybridized orbitals with two bonds of hydrogen atoms and two lone pairs of electrons. Due to the presence of lone pairs of electron the bond angle gets reduced as there is a repulsion between the LP-LP and thus the molecule acquires a bent shape. The hybridization of carbon atoms in the carbon dioxide molecule is sp. The two sp are arranged in such a way that it makes an angle of 180° . That is why carbon dioxide has a linear shape.</p><div><div><picture><source srcset="https://images.shiksha.com/mediadata/images/articles/1743505767php0O0lRV_480x360.jpeg" media=" (max-width: 500px)"><img src="https://images.shiksha.com/mediadata/images/articles/1743505767php0O0lRV.jpeg" alt="" width="153" height="100"></picture></div><div>&nbsp;</div><div>&nbsp;</div><div><strong> (iii) </strong>Both the carbon atoms in ethyne molecules are sp hybridized. Ethyne has two unhybridized 2p_x2p_y orbitals. The two sp hybrid orbitals of both the carbon atoms are arranged such that they form an angle of 180° with each other. That is why ethyne molecules are linear in shape.</div></div>

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