Hardness of water may be temporary or permanent. Permanent hardness is due to the presence of

(i) Chlorides of Ca and Mg in water

(ii) Sulphates of Ca and Mg in water

(iii) Hydrogen carbonates of Ca and Mg in water

(iv) Carbonates of alkali metals in water

H₂S has minimum boiling point.

PbS + 4H₂O_2->PbSO₄ + 4H₂O.

Volume strength of H₂O₂ = Molarity * 11.2

HF molecules are associated with strong intermolecular hydrogen bonding hence its boiling point is the highest

Compound             Melting Point (K)

HF                          190

HCl