9.23 A card sheet divided into squares each of size 1 mm² is being viewed at a distance of 9 cm through a magnifying glass (a converging lens of focal length 10 cm) held close to the eye.

(a) What is the magnification produced by the lens? How much is the area of each square in the virtual image?

(b) What is the angular magnification (magnifying power) of the lens?

(c) Is the magnification in (a) equal to the magnifying power in (b)? Explain.

A total refractive prism is also known as a total internal reflection prism. It is an optical prism that is designed for reflecting 100% of the incident light. This happens since this prism uses the principle of total internal reflection. These prisms are oriented and shaped in a specific way so tha

Total deviation in a prism is the total angle by which the light ray gets bent as it passes through the prism. It is an angle between incident ray and emergent ray of the prism. When a light enters the prism, it will bend towards the normal. After that, it will travel through the prism and bend away

There are different types of glasses that are used in optical instruments, including the following:

• Crown glass (K): This glass is used in eyeglasses, microscopes and cameras. It is used in prisms and windows in optical systems. Crown glass has a low refractive index, low dispersion and excellent tra

Optical instruments can have some of the following defects that may impact their performance, which have arisen due to design limitations, manufacturing and physical properties of light:

• Chromatic Aberration: This defect occurs because of the different wavelengths of light that refract at slightly di

Yes, optical instruments are used in modern medicine for many purposes including surgery, monitoring, research and diagnosis. Let us take a look at each one by one:

• Many optical instruments are used for visualizing internal structures for diagnosis of a disease and its monitoring. These include Ophth