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A Bachelor's degree is the standard requirement for entering the field of software engineering. The first two years cover similar ground to those of computer Science and computer engineering, since they are both concerned with the foundations of computing. Topics covered range from algorithm design and data structures to computer architecture and programming language creation to discrete mathematics and Statistics. Beginning in the third year, there is a departure in the subject matter covered. Design patterns, software requirement gathering and formal specification, software development process and methodology (waterfall, agile, scrum, XP, kanban), and software quality assurance using a variety of metrics are all covered (lines of code, cyclomatic complexity). .