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What is Modulus of Elasticity as per NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Physics Chapter 8 Mechanical Properties of Solids?

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Pallavi Pathak | Contributor-Level 10

6 months ago

The modulus of elasticity refers to the material's capacity to withstand or resist deformation when stress is applied. There are three types of the modulus of elasticity including:

Young’s Modulus (E): It is used to measure a solid's elasticity when longitudinal stress (tensile or compressive) is applied to it. Mathematically, it is represented by the following formula;

SI Unit is N/m² (Pascal, Pa).

Bulk Modulus (K): It is used to measure the ability of the material to resist volume change when uniform pressure is applied to it. Mathematically, it is:

Shear Modulus (G) or Modulus of Rigidity: It is used

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The modulus of elasticity refers to the material's capacity to withstand or resist deformation when stress is applied. There are three types of the modulus of elasticity including: Young’s Modulus (E): It is used to measure a solid's elasticity when longitudinal stress (tensile or compressive) is applied to it. Mathematically, it is represented by the following formula;<div class="photo-widget"><div class="figure"><picture><source srcset="" media=" (max-width: 500px)"><img src="https://images.shiksha.com/mediadata/images/1743750742phpHwUTE3.jpeg" alt="" width="421" height="117" loading="lazy"></picture></div></div>SI Unit is N/m² (Pascal, Pa).Bulk Modulus (K): It is used to measure the ability of the material to resist volume change when uniform pressure is applied to it. Mathematically, it is:<div class="photo-widget"><div class="figure"><picture><source srcset="" media=" (max-width: 500px)"><img src="https://images.shiksha.com/mediadata/images/1743750688phpcyMugP.jpeg" alt="" width="416" height="130" loading="lazy"></picture></div><div class="figure">SI Unit is N/m² (Pa)</div></div>Shear Modulus (G) or Modulus of Rigidity: It is used when a shear force is applied to measure the resistance to shape change. Mathematically, it is represented by:<div class="photo-widget"><div class="figure"><picture><source srcset="" media=" (max-width: 500px)"><img src="https://images.shiksha.com/mediadata/images/1743750792phpgXbpn7.jpeg" alt="" width="336" height="128" loading="lazy"></picture></div></div>SI Unit: N/m² (Pa)The value of each modulus varies for different materials, and it describes different types of deformation.

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4.22 $\hat{i}$ and $\hat{j}$ are unit vectors along x- and y- axis respectively. What is the magnitude and direction of the vectors $\hat{i}$ + $\hat{j}$ , and $\hat{i}$ - $\hat{j}$ ? What are the components of a vector A= 2 $\hat{i}$ + 3 $\hat{j}$ along the directions of $\hat{i}$ + $\hat{j}$ , and $\hat{i}$ - $\hat{j}$ ? [You may use graphical method]

Vishal Baghel

4.22

Let us consider a vector $\overset{?}{P}$ . The equation can be written as

Px = Py = 1 $|\overset{?}{P}|$ = $\sqrt (P_{x}^{2} + P_{y}^{2})$ $|\overset{?}{P}|$ = $\sqrt (1^{2} + 1^{2}) |\overset{?}{P}|$ = $\sqrt{2}$ …….(i)

So the magnitude of vector $\overset{?}{i}$ + $\overset{?}{j}$ = $\sqrt{2}$

Let $θ$ be the angle made by vector $\overset{?}{P}$ , with the x axis as given in the above figure

$\tan ? θ$ = $(P x / P y) θ$ = $\tan^{- 1} ? (1 / 1)$ , $θ$ = 45 $°$ with the x axis

Let $\overset{?}{Q}$ = $\overset{?}{i}$ - $\overset{?}{j}$

$\overset{?}{Q_{x}} \overset{?}{i}$ – $\overset{?}{Q_{y}}$ $\overset{?}{j}$ = ( $\overset{?}{i}$ – $\overset{?}{j})$

$\overset{?}{Q_{x}}$ = $\overset{?}{Q_{y}}$ = 1

$|\overset{?}{Q}|$ = $\sqrt{{Q_{x}}^{2} + {Q_{y}}^{2}}$ = $\sqrt 2$

Hence $|\overset{?}{Q}|$ = $\sqrt 2$ . Therefore the magnitude of ( $\overset{?}{i}$ + $\overset{?}{j})$ = $\sqrt 2$

Let $θ$

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4.22

Let us consider a vector $\overset{?}{P}$ . The equation can be written as

Px = Py = 1 $|\overset{?}{P}|$ = $\sqrt (P_{x}^{2} + P_{y}^{2})$ $|\overset{?}{P}|$ = $\sqrt (1^{2} + 1^{2}) |\overset{?}{P}|$ = $\sqrt{2}$ …….(i)

So the magnitude of vector $\overset{?}{i}$ + $\overset{?}{j}$ = $\sqrt{2}$

Let $θ$ be the angle made by vector $\overset{?}{P}$ , with the x axis as given in the above figure

$\tan ? θ$ = $(P x / P y) θ$ = $\tan^{- 1} ? (1 / 1)$ , $θ$ = 45 $°$ with the x axis

Let $\overset{?}{Q}$ = $\overset{?}{i}$ - $\overset{?}{j}$

$\overset{?}{Q_{x}} \overset{?}{i}$ – $\overset{?}{Q_{y}}$ $\overset{?}{j}$ = ( $\overset{?}{i}$ – $\overset{?}{j})$

$\overset{?}{Q_{x}}$ = $\overset{?}{Q_{y}}$ = 1

$|\overset{?}{Q}|$ = $\sqrt{{Q_{x}}^{2} + {Q_{y}}^{2}}$ = $\sqrt 2$

Hence $|\overset{?}{Q}|$ = $\sqrt 2$ . Therefore the magnitude of ( $\overset{?}{i}$ + $\overset{?}{j})$ = $\sqrt 2$

Let $θ$ be the angle made by vector $\overset{?}{Q}$ , with the x axis as given in the above figure

$\tan ? θ$ = $(Q x / Q y) θ$ = ${- \tan}^{- 1} ? (1 / 1)$ , $θ$ = - 45 $°$ with the x axis

It is given that $\overset{?}{A}$ = 2 $\overset{?}{i}$ + 3 $\overset{?}{j}$ . We can write Ax $\overset{?}{i}$ + Ay $\overset{?}{j}$ = 2 $\overset{?}{i}$ + 3 $\overset{?}{j}$

Comparing the components on both sides, we get

Ax =2 and Ay = 3

$|\overset{?}{A}|$ = $\sqrt{{(2}^{2}} + 3^{2}$ ) = $\sqrt 13$

Let $\overset{?}{A_{x}}$ make an angle $θ$ with the x axis, then

$\tan ? θ$ = (Ax / Ay), $θ$ = $\tan^{- 1} (? 3 / 2)$ = 56.31 $°$

So the angle between (2 $\overset{?}{i}$ + 3 $\overset{?}{j}$ ) and ( $\overset{?}{i}$ + $\overset{?}{j}$ )

$θ'$ = 56.31 – 45 = 11.31 $°$

Component of vector $\overset{?}{A}$ , along the direction of $\overset{?}{P}$ , making an angle $θ$

= ( A cos $θ'$ ) $\overset{?}{P}$

= ( A cos 11.31) $\frac{(\overset{?}{i} + \overset{?}{j})}{\sqrt{2}}$

= $\sqrt{13}$ $\times \frac{0.9806}{\sqrt{2}}$ ( $\overset{?}{i}$ + $\overset{?}{j}$ )

= 2.5 $\times$ $\sqrt{2}$

= $\frac{5}{\sqrt{2}}$

Let $θ'$ be the angle between the vectors (2 $\overset{?}{i}$ + 3 $\overset{?}{j}$ ) and ( $\overset{?}{i}$ - $\overset{?}{j})$

$θ " = 45 + 56.31 = 101.31 °$

Component of vector $\overset{?}{A}$ , along the direction of $\overset{?}{Q}$ , making an angle $θ$

= (A cos $θ "$ ) $\frac{(\overset{?}{i} - \overset{?}{j})}{\sqrt{2}}$

= $\sqrt{13}$ cos ( $101.31 °) \frac{(\overset{?}{i} - \overset{?}{j})}{\sqrt{2}}$

= -0.5( $\overset{?}{i}$ - $\overset{?}{j})$

= $- \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}$

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