10.12. Discuss the various reactions that occur in the Solvay process.

<p>Solvay process is also known as ammonia soda process, wherein carbon dioxide is passed through a brine solution (containing about 28 % NaCl) which is saturated with ammonia to form sodium carbonate.</p><p>2NH₃+ H₂O + CO₂→ (NH₄)₂CO₃</p><p>(NH₄)₂CO₃+ H₂O + CO₂→ 2NH₄HCO₃</p><p>NH₄HCO₃+ NaCl → NaHCO₃↓ + NH₄Cl</p><p>The precipitate of sodium bicarbonate is filtered, dried and ignited to form sodium carbonate.<br>2NaHCO₃? →? Na₂?CO₃? + CO₂?+ H₂?O<br>The carbon dioxide required for the reaction can be obtained by heating limestone (calcium carbonate) to 1300 K in a lime klin. Lime dissolves in water to form calcium hydroxide which is then transferred to the ammonia recovery tower.<br>CaCO₃?→? ?CaO+CO₂?<br>CaO+H₂_?O→Ca(OH)₂_?<br>Ammonia required for the process can be prepared by heating ammonium chloride with calcium hydroxide.<br>2NH₄_?Cl+Ca(OH)₂→ ?2NH₃?+CaCl₂?+H₂?O<br>Hence, the only by product of the reaction is calcium chloride.</p>

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