Nitration is an example of aromatic electrophilic substitution and its rate depends upon the group already present in the benzene ring. Out of benzene and phenol which one is more easily nitrated and why?

This is a short answer type question as classified in NCERT Exemplar

The nitration of aromatic compounds occurs by using HSO₄ and HNO₃ which leads to the formation of  NO₂⁺ (nitronium ion) electrophile.

Due to the formation of  NO₂⁺ electrophile, we can say that nitration is an example of aromatic electrophilic substitution. The electron releasing group on the benzene ring increases the rate of nitration and vice-versa.

Phenol is more easily nitrated than benzene as the hydroxyl (-OH) group on the benzene ring is an electron releasing group which increases the electron density at the ortho and para position due to +R effect of -

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This is a short answer type question as classified in NCERT Exemplar

The nitration of aromatic compounds occurs by using HSO₄ and HNO₃ which leads to the formation of  NO₂⁺ (nitronium ion) electrophile.

Due to the formation of  NO₂⁺ electrophile, we can say that nitration is an example of aromatic electrophilic substitution. The electron releasing group on the benzene ring increases the rate of nitration and vice-versa.

Phenol is more easily nitrated than benzene as the hydroxyl (-OH) group on the benzene ring is an electron releasing group which increases the electron density at the ortho and para position due to +R effect of -OH group. The nitration occurs at these electron rich sites by the attack of NO₂⁺ electrophile. 

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<p><span data-teams="true">This is a short answer type question as classified in NCERT Exemplar</span></p><p>The nitration of aromatic compounds occurs by using HSO₄ and HNO₃ which leads to the formation of&nbsp; NO₂⁺ (nitronium ion) electrophile.</p><div><div><picture><source srcset="https://images.shiksha.com/mediadata/images/articles/1746521892phpdO6OQq_480x360.jpeg" media=" (max-width: 500px)"><img src="https://images.shiksha.com/mediadata/images/articles/1746521892phpdO6OQq.jpeg" alt="" width="463" height="222"></picture></div><div><p>Due to the formation of&nbsp; NO₂⁺electrophile, we can say that nitration is an example of aromatic electrophilic substitution. The electron releasing group on the benzene ring increases the rate of nitration and vice-versa.</p><p>Phenol is more easily nitrated than benzene as the hydroxyl (-OH) group on the benzene ring is an electron releasing group which increases the electron density at the ortho and para position due to +R effect of -OH group. The nitration occurs at these electron rich sites by the attack of NO₂⁺electrophile.&nbsp;</p></div></div>

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