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3.13. A cation is obtained by removing an electron from the outermost shell. The removal of electron (s) results in decrease of the size of the resulting ion than the parent atom because it has fewer electrons while its nuclearcharge remains the same.

Anions are obtained by addition of electron (s) in the outermost shell. This results in increased repulsion among the electrons and a decrease in effective nuclear charge.

The application fee for courses at Noida International University School of Business Management is INR 1,100. Candidates wishing to apply for admission to SBM NIU must also pay the application fee for the entrance exam they will have to appear for based on the selection criteria of their desired course. 
The application process will be considered completed once the application fee is paid. 

3.12.  (a) All of them have 10 electrons each and are isoelectronic in nature.

(b) In isoelectronic species, higher the nuclear charge, smaller will be the atomic or ionic radius.

Al³⁺< Mg²⁺< Na⁺< F^–< O^2-< N^3-

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3.11. Species (atoms/ions) which have same number of electrons are called isoelectronic species. The isoelectronic species out of the given atoms/ions are:

(i) Na⁺ is isoelectronic to F^- 

(ii) K⁺ is isoelectronic to Ar

(iii) Na⁺ is isoelectronic to Mg²⁺

(iv) Sr²⁺ is isoelectronic to Rb⁺

The Kerala board has revised the grace mark policy. The board clarified that grace marks are intended solely to help candidates pass, not to improve overall grades. Check the revised grace marks of Kerala SSLC result 2025 below.

School of Business Management application form is available on the official website of NIU. Candidates are required to have the following list of documents to finalise the admission and application process: 

• Class 10 marksheet
• Class 12 marksheet
• Graduation marksheet
• Transfer Certificates
• Government ID such as Pan Card

Candidates are required to upload the above mentioned documents in the dimensions set out by the institute.

BSc at Sumandeep Vidyapeeth offers 14 specialisations for candidates to choose from. The specialisations include Cardiac Care Technology, Nursing, Neuro Science Technology, Nutrition & Dieuretics, Clinical Research etc. Candidates seeking admission to the Sumadeep Vidyapeeth BSc course must meet the minimum Sumandeep Vidyapeeth BSc eligibility criteria of a Class 12 with minimum 45% marks from a recognised Board.

3.10. Across a period, the atomic radii decrease from left to right due to increase in effective nuclear charge from left to right across a period

Within a group, atomic radius increases down the group due to continuous increases in the number of electronic shells or orbit numbers in the structure of atoms of the elements down a group.

Fee structute of H.H. The Rajahs College for M.Sc Psychology : 

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Some reputed institutes may conduct entrance exams or interviews. Having good Science fundamentals and a keen interest in medical technology helps in getting selected for the course.

3.9. Atomic radius: It is the distance from the centre of nucleus to the outer most shell of electrons in the atom of any element. It incorporates both the covalent, metallic radius or van there Waal's radius depending on whether the element is a non-metal or a metal.

Ionic radius: It is the distance between the centre of the nucleus of an ion up to the point where it exerts its influence on the electron cloud of a canton or anion.

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Graduates can work in hospitals, private clinics, research labs, and even pursue higher studies for specialization. The cost of the course is moderate compared to medical degrees, making it a good option for Science students.

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3.8. The elements in a group have same number of valence electrons and hence have similar physical and chemical properties.

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Top-ranked colleges often have better labs, experienced faculty, and tie-ups with reputed hospitals, which helps students gain real-world experience. However, if a college has good infrastructure and affiliations but is not highly ranked, it can still be a good option.