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Indian students looking to secure admission to the Open University, must satisfy its admission requirements & follow the admission process listed below.

·      Create an account on the OU application portal

·      Take up a course & carefully assess its requirements, fees, etc.

·      Now, upload all the important documents such as id proofs, test scores & any other educational record, as specified

·      Pay the application fee (if any)

·      After a careful, submit the application

·      Wait for the OU admission team's official response

·      Keep track of your mails & the application status via the application portal

·      Upon receiving the admission letter, follow any further guidelines as specified by the institute  

College offers Diploma in machine technique

Government Polytechnic College

State authorities are run all over India.

Cheap fees.

Good infrastructure and experienced faculty.

Private Polytechnic College

Available in most states.

More fees than public colleges.

Often the industry has bonding and better location support.

Central Government Institution

Ninettrs (National Institute of Technical Teacher Training and Research)

Ignau (Indira Gandhi National Open University) offers Diploma programs through distance education.

Some CIPT (Central Institute of Petrochemicals Engineering and Technology) branches offers mechanically -related diplomas.

State Technical Education Board

Each Indian state has its own technical board (which dte Maharashtra, dte Karnataka, etc.).

They are both affiliated with authorities and private Polytechnic colleges.

Top Institute (eg)

Government's polytechnic, mumbai

Delhi

Sbtet colleges in Telangana and Andhra Pradesh

GTU-affiliated colleges in Gujarat

PSBTE COLLEGE IN PUNJAB

7.24

Contact process consists of three steps. First is the burning of sulphide ores to form SO2 The second step (key step) is SO₂ is oxidised to SO₃ by heating the mixture on the heterogeneous catalyst V₂O₅.

Now, this step is very crucial for maximising the yield of H₂SO₄ It can be done by controlling the temperature and pressure of reaction.

The forward reaction is exothermic and there is a decrease in a number of moles and As Le- Chatelier principle states that when a system experiences a disturbance (concentration, pressure changes) it will respond to nullify the changes produced to bring initial condition.

So, when we decrease temperature (BEING EXOTHERMIC),

it will try to restore original equilibrium, by experiencing a forward reaction where the temperature is high.

Now in case of pressure, moles of product is less than that of reactant and we know that no. of moles is directly proportional to volume (pressure is inversely proportional to volume). So volume of reactant is more than product if we increase pressure (decrease volume) the reaction will shift to forward direction.

NOTE: The optimum conditions to maximise the yield of sulphuric acid is the pressure of 2-3 atm and temperature around 723K.

7.23

 H₂SO₄ is one the most important and widely used chemicals for many purposes. It has following uses:

As an electrolyte sulphuric acid dissociates in aqueous solution to form ions. These ions are responsible for the conduction of electricity. As a result, sulphuric acid is used in the manufacture of the lead storage battery.

As a dehydrating agent (to remove water) because it has a great affinity for water. It doesn't get dissolved in water but absorb it, so it is used as a drying

For removing layers of basic oxides from the metal surfaces like iron, copper, before the metals are galvanized, electroplated. Because when the metals are dissolved in sulphuric acid the basic oxide layer formed (due to reaction with air, water) will be dissolved in it as it is acidic in nature.

(i) Aromatic amines react with nitrous acid (prepared in situ from NaNO₂and a mineral acid such as HCl) at 273 - 278 K to form stable aromatic diazonium salts e., NaCl and water.

(ii) Aliphatic primary amines react with nitrous acid (prepared in situ from NaNO₂and a mineral acid such as HCl) to form unstable aliphatic diazonium salts, which further producealcohola and acid called as hydrochloric acid and evolution of nitrogen

(iii) Aliphatic amines are stronger bases than aromatic amines due to following reasons:

(a) The lone pair of electrons of the nitrogen atom of aromatic amines is involved in

conjugation with the π−bond pairs of the ring as follows

(b) Anilinium ion obtained by accepting a proton is less stabilized by resonance. Due to the −R effect of the benzene ring, the electrons on the N- atom are less available in the case of aromatic amines. Therefore, the electrons on the N-atom in aromatic amines cannot be donated

So, aniline is a weaker base than alkyl amines, in which +1 effect increases the electron density on the nitrogen atom.

7.21

1- C₆H₅NH₂ + CHCl₃ + KOH

It is a carbylamine reaction in which a isocyanide compound is formed along with side products of potassium chloride.Basically the name of reaction is given is due to formation of a foul smelling compound called as isocyanide.

2- C₆H₅N₂Cl + H₃PO₂ + H₂O

Benzenediazonium chloride is a very reactive compound which oxidises hypophosphorous acid to hypophosphoric acid and the reactant is reduced to benzene.

3- C₆H₅NH₂ + H₂SO₄ (conc.)

Aniline undergoes sulphonation to anillium hydrogensulphate.

4- C₆H₅N₂Cl + C₂H₅OH

Aniline is very activating group which undergoes reaction to give ortho and para product. But in acidic medium aniline accquires positive charge on N atom which is metadirecting group and hence the product.

5- C₆H₅NH₂ + Br₂ (aq)

It is clubbing reaction of a very reactive compound undergoing addition to give benzene.

6- C₆H₅NH₂ + (CH₃CO)₂O

As mentioned aniline is avery activating group, so to reduce its activity it is reacted with anhydride to give n-phenylethanamine.

7- C₆H₅N₂Cl

Hydrofluroburic acid reacts qith benzenediazonium chloride along with sodium nitrite to give a reduced product as Nitrobenzene.