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Electron deficient compounds are those in which the central atom in their molecule has the tendency to accept one or more electron pairs. They are also known as Lewis acid. BCl₃ and SiCl₄ both are electron deficient species.
Since, in BCl₃, B atom has only six electrons. Therefore, it is an electron deficient compound.
In SiCl₄ the central atom Si has 8 electrons but it can expand its covalency beyond 4 due to the presence of d-orbitals.

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Aluminium reacts with acid as well as base. This shows amphoteric nature of aluminium.
2Al (s) + 6HCl (dil.) →2AlCl₃ (aq) + 3H₂ (g)
2Al (s) + 2NaOH (aq) + 6H₂O (l) →2Na+ [Al (OH)₄]^– (aq) + 3H₂ (g)

In BF₃, boron is sp² hybridized.
? shape of BF₃ = planar.
In [BH₄]^–, boron is sp3 hybridized, thus the shape is tetrahedral.

1.2 Molar mass of Na₂SO₄= (2 x Atomic mass of Sodium) + Atomic mass of Sulphur + (4 x Atomic mass of Oxygen)

= (2x 23) + 32 + (4x 16)

= 46 + 32 + 64

= 142 g/mol

On heating boric acid above 370 K, it forms metaboric acid, HBO₂ which on further heating yields boric oxide B₂O₃.

H₃B₂O₃ → HBO₂ → B₂O₃

 A p-type semiconductor is electrically neutral despite having more holes, because the number of positively charged holes is exactly balanced/equal by the number of negatively charged acceptor ions introduced during doping. so practically untill any volatage is applied the semiconductor remains chargeless in other words doesn't produce any current even after doping.

 As per the NCERT Textbooks information"Although the number of holes is more than the number of electrons in a p-type semiconductor, the material as a whole is electrically neutral because the charge of holes is balanced by the negatively charged acceptor ions.”

Boric acid is a Lewis acid since it accepts electrons from hydroxyl ion of H₂O molecule. It is not a protic acid.
B (OH)₃ + 2HOH → [B (OH)₄]^– + H₃O⁺

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In BCl₃, there is only six electrons in the valence shell of B atom. Thus, the octet is incomplete and it can accept a pair of electrons from water and hence BCl₃ undergoes hydrolysis. Whereas, in CCl₄, C atom has 8 electrons and its octet is complete. That's why it has no tendency to react with water.

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In BF₃, central atom has only six electrons after sharing with the electrons of the F
atoms. It is an electron-deficient compound and thus behaves as a Lewis acid.

BCl₃ is quite stable. Because there is absence of d- and f-electrons in boron three valence electrons (2s² 2p_x1) are there for bonding with chlorine atom. In Tl the valence s-electron (6s²) are experiencing maximum inert pair effect. Thus, only 6p¹ electron is available for bonding. Therefore, BCl₃ is stable but TlCl₃ is comparatively unstable.

(i) B to Tl
Common oxidation states are +1 and +3. The stability of +3 oxidation state decreases from B to Tl while +1 oxidation state increases from B to Tl.

(ii) C to Pb
The common oxidation states are +4 and +2. Stability of +4 oxidation state decreases from C to Pb.

As per NCERT Textbboks"If forward current is too large, it can produce large heating and damage the junction. So, a resistor is used in series with the diode to limit the current in the circuit.”

It means when a semiconductor diode is connected to a source under high current it causes excess heat due to more electrical energy. This excess heat is responsible to damage the junction in semiconductor diode permanently. Student can check out NCERT Solutions for Semicondutor Electronics of class 12 physics.  

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