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JNU as an Institution is the most Democratic place in India. It allows you to write your answers in either languages (I. e Hindi and English). Some people might object that if it is that much democratic, why don't it allows to write Answers in all 22 languages mentioned in Schedule 8 of Indian constitution. The reason is that Evaluation process involves The faculty members of JNU only. There might be a possibility that Each department doesn't have professor from all regional parts of India, so there will a difficulty in evaluation of answer sheets. For the historical reasons of Hindi as Government official Language, and Hindi is the known by the highest percentage of people in India, they allowed examinee to wrote their answers Hindi. ( To avoid a situation where it became difficult for people from rural background who has no or lesser articulation in English.

Standard Costing is a costing method, that is used to compare the standard costs and revenues with the actual results, in order to arrive at the variances along with its causes, to inform the management about the deviations and take corrective measures, for its improvement. The term standard cost can be defined as the expected cost per unit of the products produced during a period, which is based on various factors. It aims at measuring the performance, controlling the deviations, inventory valuation and deciding the selling price of the product especially when quotations are prepared. The three main elements of standard cost are Direct Material Cost, Direct Labor Cost and Overheads. Future cost estimation: Standard Costs are determined after considering all the possibilities that may arise in the future. It also helps in deciding whether a particular project is to be undertaken, by determining its profitability. Performance check: Standard cost acts as targets to the cost centres which should not be transcended. In such a situation, these targets are helpful in checking the performance through comparison with the actual results. Budgeting: The standard costs are used to prepare budgets, and evaluate the performance of the executive staff on the basis of these budgets. The basic objective of standard costing is to measure the differences between standard costs and actual costs, and analysing them to maintain the productivity of the organisation.