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  (a) They are structural isomers. The given compounds have the same molecular formula but they differ in the position of the functional group (here ketone group: first one at C-3 and second one at C-2 positions).

(b) They are geometrical isomers. Compounds having the same molecular formula, the same constitution, and the sequence of covalent bonds, but with the different relative position of their atoms in space are called geometrical isomers.

(c) They are resonance contributors because they differ in the position of electrons but not atoms.

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11.17 

Due to the presence of –OH group, alcohols form hydrogen-bonds with water but hydrocarbons cannot form hydrogen-bonds with water.

Due to inter moleculer hydrogen bonding between Alcohol and water molecular they remain tightly bounded to water molecules and have higher solubility. Whereas in case of hydrocarbon there is no chance of hydrogen bonding.

4.32. 

Yes, MVN University conducts an entrance exam for BPharm admission. Along with meeting the eligibility requirements, students must appear for and clear the entrance exam as part of the selection process, which is followed by counseling . Make sure to stay updated on the exam dates and other details through the official MVN University website.

Yes, the BPharm programme at MVN University is open for admissions. Students interested in pursuing BPharm can apply as per the eligibility criteria, including Class 12 completion. For the latest updates on application deadlines and detailed admission information, visit the official MVN University website.

(a) Nucleophilic substitution (b) Electrophilic addition
(c) Bimolecular elimination (d) Nucleophilic substitution with rearrangement.

4.31. The electron pair involved in sharing between two atoms during covalent bonding is called shared pair or bond pair. At the same time, the electron pair which is not involved in sharing is called lone pair of electrons.

For example: CH₄ has 4 bond pairs but H₂O has 2 bond pairs and 2 lone pairs.

11.16 

Here, propanol undergoes intermolecular H-bonding because of the presence of -OH group while butane has no such property.

(intermolecular Hydrogen bonding in propanol)

Therefore, extra energy will be required to break those hydrogen bonds which in turn causes higher boiling point for propanol when compared to butane.

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(a) Here, HO^– acts as a nucleophile as it is an electron-rich species, i.e., it is a nucleus-seeking species.

(b) Here, –CN acts as a nucleophile as it is an electron-rich species, i.e., it is a nucleus-seeking species.

(c) CH₃C⁺O acts as an electrophile as it is an electron deficient species.

Electrophiles: The name electrophiles mean electron loving. Electrophiles are electron deficient. They may be positive ions or neutral molecules.
Ex: H⁺, Cl⁺, Br⁺, NO₂⁺, R₃C⁺, RN₂⁺, AlCl₃, BF₃
Nucleophiles: The name nucleophiles means 'nucleus loving' and indicates that it attacks the region of low electron density (positive centres) in a substrate molecule. They are electron rich they may be negative ions or neutral molecules.
Ex: Cl^– Br^–, CN^–, OH^–, RCR₂^–, NH₃, RNH₂, H₂O, ROH etc.

Due to hyperconjugation, alkyl groups act as electron donors when attached to a π - system as shown below:

Nitroethoxide ion (O₂NCH₂CH₂O^–) is more stable than ethoxide ion (CH₃CH₂O^–) due to -I effect of nitro group which decreases the negative charge of oxide ion of nitroethoxide ion leading to stability. In contrast, CH₃CH₂ has +I-effect. It, therefore, tends to intensify the -ve charge and hence destabilizes it.

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4.29 (c) It will not form a sigma bond because taking x-axis as the inter-nuclear axis, there will be lateral overlap between the two 2p_y orbitals forming a -bond.