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There are 3 options that can be considered for this situation.
1)The best option would be the student visa because it's the easiest way to get into Australia. You can look for a two year course option and find a job in the mean time and can also apply for your citizenship.
2) The employer sponsored visa. You need to look for an employer who will sponsor you for the visa.
3) The next one is the skilled( independent) migrant visa. This visa allows you to migrate to Australia if you have good English language skills and have skills and qualifications in an occupation in need in Australia.
It's always better to have some experience in your field before applying for a work visa since that can earn you more points which will help you with both the migration and the citizenship.
To increase your chances of a job offer in Australia you can visit the Australian Embassy site and post your qualifications and employment history in their Skill Matching Database so that the government or an employer can find you.

PhD Courses in Endocrinology are being offered by many universities in many countries. We could help you much more if you could specify the country that you would like to go to. The application procedure varies from country to country and University to University but basically in most universities abroad, you'll have to submit a research proposal, an application form that can be downloaded from the university's website, important documents like English language test scores, academic transcripts from previous colleges, statement of objectives and goals and so on.
There are various types of Scholarships availabe that you could apply for to help you cover your fees.
Hope that helps. We could help you more with more specifications.