Ask & Answer: India's Largest Education Community

8.5 The ionization energy increases due to the gradual filling of electrons in the d- subshells. The irregular variation of ionization energy is due to the fact that half-filled and completely filled subshells are more stable and have very high ionization energy.

In case of first ionization energy, Cr ( [Ar]3d⁵4s¹) attains the stable configuration (3d⁵) by losing one electron from s-subshell and hence, it has low ionization energy.

Whereas, Zn has high ionization energy because it has completely filled subshells and are very stable.

Second ionization energies are higher than the first since it becomes difficult to remove an electron when an electron has to be removed from a stable structure, which was formed due to the removal of the first electron.

International students must fulfill the basic eligibility and submit the required documents as requested by the University of Southern California. Students must adhere to the University of Southern California admission process to get into USC from India:

• Explore programs: Students can explore programs from over 300 UG and PG courses, and can select the programs that align with their interests and show intellectual goals
• Fulfill eligibility: Undergraduate students must showcase their high school completion and a bachelor's degree from a recognised university or equivalent for a postgraduate degree.
• Fill out the application: UG applicants can fill out their application via Common App, while PG applicants must apply using the University portal. Submit all the required documents, such as standardized test scores, essay, letter of recommendation, etc.
• Pay application fee: The USC application fee for UG is USD 85 (INR 7k), and USD 90 (7.5k) for PG.
• Await response: Students must wait for a response and can expect it between 3-4 weeks after applying.

The USC is a popular private research university in California. Students are compelled to take admission to USC for its research opportunities, academic offerings, and diverse campus. Along with this, there are various reasons to join the university. Some of the crucial reasons are discussed below:

• Academic programs: The university offers over 300 master's and bachelor's degree programs. Some popular programs include Management of Drug Development, Entrepreneurship and Innovation, and Spatial Economics and Data Analysis, and more.
• Affordability: The tuition cost of the UG and PG programs are quite affordable. The tuition fees ranges between INR 54 L and INR 61 L, and between INR 18 L and INR 1 Cr for postgraduate programs.
• Reputation: The university ranked #27 among national universities, #65 in best value schools, and #9 for Business programs.
• Small class size: With a 9:1 student-to-faculty ratio, the university offers a small class experience where 62% of the classes have fewer than 20 students.

The university might take 3-4 weeks to process an application depending on its completeness. If all the minimum eligibility criteria are satisfied by the candidate and all the necessary documents for admission are submitted, the university reviews the application within 2 working days of its submission. If the minimum requirements are fulfilled, the candidate will get an unconditional offer of place to study at the institute, having an invoice and information on payment of the fee charges. In case the applicants did not provide some necessary documents, the institution will make a conditional offer of place to them and the unconditional offer will be given once all requirements are fulfilled. Applicants can track their application progress through the enrolment dashboard available.

5.22 

Colloidal solutions get classified in 8 Types on the basis of physical state of the dispersed phase and dispersion This are given in following table-

2) Depending upon nature of Particles of dispersed phase it can be classified into 3 categories

Multimolecular Colloids-In this colloidal particle consist of aggregates of atoms having diameter less than

Macromolecular colloids-The colloids in which Large particle aggregates and dissolved into suitable

Associated colloids – This colloids show Colloidal property at higher This contains ions of colloidal size.

3) Depending upon interactions between dispersed phase and dispersion medium it is divided into 2 categories

Lyophilic Colloids- lyophilic (liquid loving) this colloids formed by direct mixing of substances like gum starch etc. with suitable liquid, called as lyophilic sols . This are called as reversible Colloids because if dispersion medium is separated from the dispersed phase it can be reconstructed just by mixing This sols are quite stable. Ex-Protein, Starch.

Lyophobic colloids- lyophobic (liquid hating) this Colloids don't formed by direct mixing of dispersed phase and dispersion media they require special methods for Ex-Sols of metal sulphid

5.21

Enzymes are complex nitrogenous organic compounds which are produced by Living plants and animals. They are protein molecules of higher molecular masses. They are effective catalysts termed as “biochemical catalysts”

Mechanism of enzyme catalysis- There are number of cavities present on the surface of colloidal particle of enzymes. They have specific shape and contains group like –COOH, -SH, - OH. etc. they are active centers of enzyme particle molecules of reactant which have complimentary shape fit into this cavities, this forms activated complex Which then decompose to yield products. This reaction occur in 2 steps-

Enzyme (E) + Substrate (S)? ES

ES? Enzyme + Products